Thanks.

I start with a precise sketch drawn on paper. I scan it. Then, I take a black 1 px solid pencil and I trace the contours. I put Luminosity at minimum and Contrast to maximum to have a white image with black contours.
Then, I paint. I play with gradients and GIMP tools. This part is not very defined. Maybe I will do a palette if you want.
For world map's mountains, I use a friend's technique. On a new transparent layer, I select the colour of background and trace ^ where I want a mountain. Then, I do a drop shadow on this forms. Finally, ^ are almost invisible.

Not very complicated, isn't it ? ^^